How did ancient civilizations navigate the open ocean without modern technology?

1. Ancient civilizations used celestial navigation techniques.
2. They relied on natural signs and landmarks.
3. They utilized traditional knowledge and experience.

Celestial Navigation Techniques

Ancient civilizations navigated the open ocean by observing the positions of celestial bodies such as the sun, moon, and stars. By understanding the patterns and movements of these celestial bodies, sailors could determine their direction and approximate location.

Natural Signs and Landmarks

Sailors also relied on natural signs and landmarks, such as the direction of the wind and the behavior of birds and marine life. They used these observations to gauge their proximity to land or to navigate around obstacles.

Traditional Knowledge and Experience

Ancient sailors passed down traditional knowledge and experience through oral traditions and practical training. This knowledge included understanding ocean currents, weather patterns, and the behavior of the sea, allowing sailors to navigate the open ocean with a deep understanding of their environment.