How did ancient civilizations navigate the open seas without modern technology?

1. Ancient civilizations used celestial navigation to determine their position at sea.
2. They also relied on landmarks, currents, and wind patterns to guide their ships.
3. Pilots and navigators passed down knowledge through oral tradition and experience.

Celestial Navigation

Ancient civilizations used the positions of the stars, sun, and moon to determine their location at sea. By observing the angle of celestial bodies in relation to the horizon, sailors could calculate their latitude and approximate their longitude.

Landmarks, Currents, and Wind Patterns

Sailors also relied on natural landmarks such as coastlines, islands, and mountains to navigate. They observed ocean currents and wind patterns to determine the best routes for their voyages.

Oral Tradition and Experience

Pilots and navigators passed down their knowledge of navigation through oral tradition and practical experience. This allowed for the accumulation of valuable insights and techniques that were refined over generations.